How Robert Livingston stole Crailo and turned it into a fortune
Robert
Livingston came to the young colony of New York in 1675, shortly after the
colony had become English for the final time.
He was Scottish, but thanks to a father who had a falling out with the
King of England had spent a significant amount of time in exile in the
Netherlands. He had plans to become a
fur trader, but soon found himself secretary to Nicholas Van Rensselaer, director
of the 700,000 acre Rensselaerswyck.
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Livingston’s
next move was incredibly shrewd. He paid
off Nicholas’ estate’s debts to the tune of 5,831 florins in New York out of
his own pocket. Later auditors were a
bit suspicious of these debts.
Livingston was seeking compensation for 2,411 florins of Nicholas’ debt,
1,908 florins of which was paid to his father in law, Philip Pieterse Schuyler
for various goods. Schuyler’s
reputation and offer to swear on the debt was enough to soothe their suspicions
though. Livingston took his compensation
from the Van Rensselaers by claiming a section of their land as his own,
including the Crailo Farm. The ensuing
legal battle went on for years and was particularly hard on Maria Van
Rensselaer, widow of Jeremias Van Rensselaer, on whom the directorship of the
manor had once again fallen, as her brother Stephanus Van Cortlandt, who was
the actual director, resided in New York City.
She also hoped that her son Kiliaen would become the new director. As early as November of 1679 she wrote
“Secretary Livingston troubles me so much…”[i]
After paying the
local debts Livingston basically ignored the European debts. He hoped that the Atlantic Ocean would prove
to be too daunting a barrier to cross to collect the debts. He said “the debts abroad may take care of
themselves.”[ii] He also requested a review of the will of Jan
Van Wely, an uncle of Nicholas Van Rensselaer’s. Livingston claimed that the uncle died before
Nicholas and that therefore Alida should inherit anything left to Nicholas. The Van Rensselaers however, claimed that
Nicholas had died first and she was entitled to nothing. The courts eventually ruled in the Van
Rensselaers’ favor on this point.
Next Richard Van
Rensselaer, Nicholas’s brother and head of the Van Rensselaer family in the
Netherlands, convinced one of Nicholas’s European creditors to sue Livingston
for a 38 florin debt. The case, which
was heard in Albany, was not worth it financially but would have set a
precedent for collecting debts across
the ocean and had it been successful could have ruined Livingston. The judge that heard the case though was
unwilling to set any such precedent and dismissed the case on a technicality.
Livingston was
now set on breaking up Rensselaerswyck, by keeping the land he claimed belonged
to Nicholas. He was joined by his
Schuyler in-laws who hoped to grab up some of the Van Rensselaer farmlands for
themselves. Portioning off any part of
the manor was not an option for the Van Rensselaers. In fact the very idea that Livingston
controlled any portion of their land was embarrassing and offensive to Maria
Van Rensselaer who wrote to Richard in January of 1682; “for all those who hear
from Livingston himself that he still has the farm, criticize us.” She went on to say; “I can not bear to see
him any longer in possession of the patroon’s garden…”[iii]
In May of 1682
Richard Van Rensselaer wrote to Livingston directly. The tone of the letter was threatening at
best. First he declared that Livingston
owed him more than 3,000 florins for the land he was using and some existing
debts, then called him a “solicitor of fraudulent affairs.” He goes on to say that even if Livingston
abandons the estate “it will plague you thereafter.” As for Crailo, which Livingston still
maintained as his due, Richard wrote: “as I understand that contrary to all
justice and fairness you keep in your possession the patroon’s place and also
the farm in the Greyne Bos, without being willing to pay any rent or
compensation to the patron and co-directors…”[iv]
Livingston
responded with his biggest gun. He
attacked the Van Rensselaers’ dirty little secret. They only owned 60% of Rensselaerswyck. Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, the first Patroon,
had been the largest investor in a group of investors. In 1683 Livingston sent an agent to the
Netherlands to find the heirs of the other investors. The Blommaert and Bessels
families who were among the heirs were very shocked to realize they had never
seen any profit from the investment or even a proper accounting, which had been
ordered in 1650 by the Staats General.
Governor Thomas
Dongan had no choice but to step in at this point. Rensselaerswyck was the largest land holding
in his colony and to find out that the Van Rensselaers had been holding it
fraudulently for the last fifty years risked destabilizing the entire
colony.
Suddenly
Livingston’s long game came into light.
In 1683 he purchased a small land tract of 2,000 acres near the Roeliff
Jansen Kill from the Mohicans for some trade goods. This land was confirmed by Dongan in
1684.
On July 31, 1685
Dongan officially put an end to the Van Rensselaer – Livingston dispute. Officially, Livingston was free from Nicholas
Van Rensselaer’s debts; he also did not have to pay for the land he had taken
from the Van Rensselaers. The Van
Rensselaers also gave him 800 schepels of wheat. In return Livingston would give back the land
he had taken and would not protest against a new patent for Maria Van
Rensselaer’s son to become the patroon.
New York was
saved except Livingston still did not have what he wanted, his own manor. Or did he?
A few months later Livingston purchased another small parcel of land,
about 600 acres, in Taconic, about ten miles east of his original piece of
land. On July 22, 1686, almost exactly a
year from the agreement with the Van Rensselaers, Livingston received a third
patent for his land making him lord of his own manor and confirming his
ownership of his land, the 2,000 acres on the Roeliff Jansen Kill, the 600
acres in Taconic and the land in between them.
With the governor’s signature Livingston had converted 2,600 acres into
160,000 acres.
It’s tough to
say now if Livingston Manor was payment for dropping his disputes against the
Van Rensselaers but the time line strongly suggests more than mere
coincidence. It’s also unlikely that the
Van Rensselaers or Governor Dongan would have considered some undeveloped
wilderness as a high price to pay for maintaining Rensselaerswyck and bringing
Crailo back into the family.
[i]
Maria Van Rensselaer to Richard Van Rensselaer, November 1679 in Van Laer,
A.J.F., ed., Correspondence of Maria Van
Rensselaer 1669-1689 Albany, The University of the State of New York, 1935
p 30.
[ii]
Quoted in Leder, Lawrence H. Robert
Livingston, 1654-1728 and The Politics of Colonial New York Chapel Hill,
The University of North Carolina Press, 1961. P 25.
[iii]
Maria Van Rensselaer to Richard Van Rensselaer, January 1682 in Van Laer Correspondence, p 57
[iv]
Richard Van Rensselaer to Robert Livingston, May4/14, 1682 in Van Laer Correspondence. P 65-69.
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